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 The ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) is one of the most commonly injured ligaments in the knee. Running diagonally through the middle of the joint, the ACL works together with three other ligaments to connect the femur (upper leg bone) to the tibia (lower leg bone). People who play sports that are likely to damage the knee—such as basketball, football, skiing and soccer—are at greatest risk for injuring the ACL. Only about 30% of ACL injuries result from direct contact with another player or object. The rest occur when the athlete decelerates while cutting, pivoting, or sidestepping; lands awkwardly; or plays recklessly. About half of ACL injuries are accompanied by damage to the meniscus, cartilage, bone or other ligaments in the knee.
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Arthritic joints are swollen, or inflamed, usually because the smooth cartilage around them has been damaged in some way. Patients with arthritis suffer pain, stiffness and swelling in the affected area(s). Nearly one in three adults suffers from arthritis or other chronic joint symptoms. Arthritis is the most common chronic ailment among the elderly, although it can affect people of any age, including children.
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Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that allows doctors to diagnose and sometimes treat joint injuries and disease through small incisions in the skin. Potentially treatable injuries include tendon tears, torn cartilage or ligaments, inflamed joint lining, carpal tunnel syndrome, rotator cuff tears, and loose bone or cartilage.
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 Rotator cuff surgery is performed to reattach a torn tendon. The tendon is the connector from the muscle flesh to the humeral bone. When the tendon tears, it usually separates from the bone, and surgery is required to reattach the tendon to the bone and restore its function. The tendon is reattached with a combination of very strong sutures, and anchors. When surgery is recommended, it is usually performed to reduce pain, improve motion and strength, and restore function to the shoulder. Most rotator cuff surgery is performed arthroscopic, or minimally invasive to allow for a faster return to function, and reduce pain. With the arthroscopic approach, the surgery is performed as an outpatient surgical procedure, and physical therapy can begin within one week. The success of the procedure is dependent upon the quality and quantity of the rotator cuff tendon, as well as compliance with the postoperative instructions. As nicotine can have an adverse effect on healing of tendon, smoking cessation is strongly recommended prior to rotator cuff surgery.
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The shoulder has the most mobility of any joint in the body. Even small injuries can result in significant loss of use the shoulder. One of the most common injuries to the shoulder is to the Rotator Cuff. The Rotator Cuff consists of 4 separate muscles and can be injured by overuse, repetitive smaller injuries, or a single larger injury. Most injuries will result in either weakness, stiffness, or instability of the joint. Because of the significant number of muscles around the joint, rehabilitation plays an extremely important role in getting back in the game. When surgery is needed to heal injury, minimally invasive techniques are utilized to reduce the length of disability and allow faster return to activities.
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 Sometimes the best way to relieve pain and restore function to a joint is to replace all or part of it with a prosthesis (an artificial joint). Prostheses are intended to restore function to the joint and relieve pain associated with arthritis, other chronic conditions, or traumatic injury.
Prostheses are designed to move like a regular joint. They are made of durable plastic and metal parts that fit together snugly but glide smoothly (as opposed to the painful friction associated with the worn cartilage of arthritic joints). The pieces are shaped like the structures they replace – for example, the damaged bones in a ball-and-socket joint of a hip or shoulder are replaced with a metal ball and plastic socket. They are held to the surrounding bone either with a locking mechanism or with a special bone cement.
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Orthopaedic physical therapy involves the rehabilitation of an injured bone, muscle, tendon, ligament, joint or limb. The injury may have been acute (the result of one incident) or chronic (long-term). The patient may begin therapy after undergoing an amputation or surgery to correct or improve the problem.
Rehabilitation programs are tailored to each patient with the goals of relieving pain and restoring maximum function to the injured area. Stretching and strengthening exercises are critical. Improvement is sought in strength, flexibility, mobility, coordination, posture, balance, gait, cardiopulmonary health, and pain. Treatment modalities may include massage, whirlpools, ultrasound, electrical stimulation, heat and cold applications, or alternative therapies. For athletes, rehabilitation typically involves a dual fitness program of weights and cardiovascular training.
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 Sports medicine is a subspecialty of orthopedics that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of injuries suffered during athletic activity. The goal of treatment is to heal and rehabilitate the injury so patients can return to their favorite activities quickly, whether it’s Little League, recreational play or a high school, college or professional sport.
As with a sports team, there are many physicians who work together to help the patient regain maximum use of the injured limb or joint. “Players” on the team are typically the physician, orthopedic surgeon, rehabilitation specialist, athletic trainer and physical therapist – and the patient him/herself.
Common injuries treated include:
- ACL Tears
- Compartment Syndrome
- Fractures
- Heat Exhaustion
- Muscle Contusions (Bruise)
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- Muscle Cramps
- Shin Splints
- Sprains & Strains
- Stress Fractures
- Torn Tendons & Ligaments
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Stress fractures are overuse injuries in which small cracks or breaks form in a bone. They occur when muscles lose their ability to absorb shocks. The excess energy then transfers to the bone, which cracks under the pressure. As one of the body's most weight-bearing bones, the tibia (shin bone) is highly susceptible.
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